Women's History Month: The Sopranos




Leontyne Price

The soprano range is the highest vocal range.  It is the range of children's voices and women with the highest voice range.  In operas, the most important vocal part is often the soprano role.  She is usually the heroine of the story, often coming to a tragic but well-sung demise.  Famous sopranos of the opera stage have been known as the prima donna (first lady, or most important woman) or "diva," the Italian word for goddess.

Famous Sopranos of the 20th Century

• Birgit Nilsson  (1918 - 2005) was a Swedish dramatic soprano best known for her performances in Wagnerian operas and roles requiring similar vocal power, such as Richard Strauss's Elektra
• Maria Callas (1923 - 1977) American-born Greek soprano whose unique tone and wide range enabled her to sing a wide variety of roles.  She was the most influential singer of the middle of the century.  Her Carmen is classic.

• Dame Joan Sutherland (1926 -2010)  Her most famous role is Lucia, in Lucia di Lammermoor, especially the final "Mad" scene that pairs Lucia with the orchestra's flutes in imitation of bird songs.
• Renata Tebaldi (1922 - 2004) was known as much for her powerful lower range as for her splendid high notes. She performed Puccin's Tosca 162 times, 45 of them at the Metropolitan Opera.
• Leontyne Price (1927 - ) was one of the first African-American performers at the Metropolitan Opera.  She has been a champion of American music, and she sang at Lyndon B. Johnson's state funeral.  Her best-known roles are Verdi's Aida and Il Trovatore
• Beverly Sills (1929 - 2007) nicknamed "Bubbles," was an American diva who went into management after her retirement from singing.  Her voice encompassed a very wide range yet remained nimble in even the highest register.  She frequently appeared on television, including live opera broadcasts and talk shows.    Many consider her interpretation of Donizetti's Roberto Devereux to be her finest performance but she reached her widest audience when she sang "Pigoletto" on the Muppet Show in 1979.

• Montserrat Caballé (1933-  is a Spanish-born soprano, whose best-known role is the title character in Bellini's Norma.  She is also known as the soprano whose Barcelona concert with Queen's lead singer Freddie Mercury was one of his final performances.
• Mirella Freni (b. 1935) debuted as Carmen at the age of 19 and continued singing on stage until age 70.  In the 1970s she starred in filmed versions of operas.
• Jessye Norman (b. 1945) is an American dramatic soprano.  She made her operatic debut performing in Richard Wagner's Tannhauser but her other operatic roles have ranged from Handel to Stravinsky and Schoenberg.  She has also sung lieder for voice and orchestra, having the nuance of a lieder singer but the power of an opera diva. 

Famous Sopranos of the Current Generation

• Kathleen Battle (b. 1948), born in Portsmouth, Ohio, is a light-lyric coloratura who performed in both lyric and coloratura roles before giving up the opera stage for the concert stage.  Her repertoire ranges from Baroque to jazz, and includes African-American spirituals.
• Renée Fleming (b. 1959), born in the town of Indiana, Pennsylvania.  Conductor George Solti likened her vocal quality to that of Renata Tebaldi. Able to sing both coloratura and lyric roles, she has performed a wide variety of repertoire including operatic animated movie characters.  She has released several CDs of opera arias and is one of the few performers to take on the Czech language, in Dvorak's Rusalka.  She is often in the public eye, performing for President Obama's inauguration at the Lincoln Memorial and at the World Trade Center site.  She won a Grammy Award in 2013 for her all-French album, Poèmes. 

• Deborah Voigt (b. 1960) is an American singer famous as much for having gastric bypass surgery after being fired by Covent Garden for not fitting into her costume.  Her diaphragm survived the operation and subsequent weight loss and she continues to sing demanding roles by Richard Wagner, Richard Strauss, Bellini, and others.
• Natalie Dessay (b. 1969), born in France, began her career singing Mozart and now is in demand for the famous roles by Puccini, Verdi, and Richard Strauss, including Ariadne auf Naxos. 

• Diana Damrau (b. 1971), born in Bavaria, has an agile, light voice that is perfect for the famous "Queen of the Night" aria from Mozart's Magic Flute and other Mozart roles.  She has branched out to other roles and also performs song and aria albums.

• Anna Netrebko (b. 1971), born in Russia, is one of the most sought-after sopranos of our time.  She has performed all the major soprano roles of the standard repertoire and also has sung in her native Russian under the baton of her mentor, conductor Valery Gergiev.  Her first recording on DVD was Ruslan and Lyudmila by Glinka.  She has appeared many times in the Metropolitan Opera live broadcasts including Donizetti's Lucia di Lammermoor.

Soprano Voice Types

Soprano voices are categorized by their tone coloring, from richer, deeper tones to light and pure tones.  There are also differences in the range, though all sing in the soprano range.  The system of classification is called the Fach system.

Coloratura sopranos have a very high range and nimble voices capable of quick turns and runs.  An example is Diana Damrau, whose "Queen of the Night" aria from Mozart's Magic Flute is a classic performance.  Another famous performance is Joan Sutherland's "mad scene" in Donizetti's Lucia di Lammermoor.

Dramatic sopranos have a heavier voice, as required by composers such as Richard Wagner.  The dramatic soprano can be heard over heavy orchestration.

Lyric sopranos also have powerful voices but do not have the depth of dramatic sopranos.  They can often perform a wider range of roles than other singers.  Renée Fleming, Anna Netrebko, and  Mirella Freni are examples.

Light lyric-coloratura, for example Kathleen Battle, is a soprano who has a youthful sound despite ample power and control.

Lirico-spinto is halfway between dramatic and lyric voice types.  They can perform perhaps the widest range of operatic roles.  Examples are Leontyne Price and Renata Tebaldi.

For more about the Fach system, read The Opera Singer's Career Guide: Understanding the European Fach System.  ML3795 .M354 2010

That Old Song And Dance: The Hollywood Musical

Singing and dancing have gone hand-in-hand since prehistoric times, but at no time was the marriage more harmonious than during the heyday of the Hollywood Musical.  The stories may have been cheesy but the dancing was spectacular!  Check these out from the Educational Resources Counter:

The Busby Berkeley Collection  Busby Berkeley's choreography was some of the most elaborate ever seen.  From kaleidoscopic transformations filmed from overhead to gigantic sets and synchronized swimming, his imagination was boundless.

• Gold Diggers of 1933
• Footlight Parade (1933)
• 42nd Street (1933)
• Dames (1934)
• Gold Diggers of 1935
• Gold Diggers in Paris (1938)
• Varsity Show (1937)
• Hollywood Hotel (1937)

Flying Down to Rio (1933)

Fred Astaire and Ginger Rodgers, with Gloria del Rio as the Brazilian beauty who threatens their relationship.

The Gay Divorcée (1934)
Fred Astaire and Ginger Rodgers.  Oscar-winning song, "The Continental" is a 22-minute production number!

Top Hat (1935)
Fred Astaire and Ginger Rodgers, with music by Irving Berlin.

The Great Ziegfeld (1936)
Biopic about the song-and-dance master, Florenz Ziegfeld, with musical numbers that show why he was the master.  Be sure to see "A Pretty Girl is Like a Melody," filmed with 180 performers.

Swing Time (1936)
Silly romance starring Ginger Rogers and Fred Astaire.

The Wizard of Oz (1939)
The first Hollywood musical many children see.

Holiday Inn (1942)
A singer and a dancer compete for the love of the same lady, starring Bing Crosby and Fred Astaire.  Guess which is the singer and which is the dancer!

Cabin in the Sky (1943)
Vincente Minelli's story features the Nicholas Brothers, Ethel Waters, Lena Horne, Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington, and an all-black cast.

Stormy Weather (1943)

Cab Calloway and the Nicholas Brothers collaborated on one of the most famous dance scenes in history.

The Gang's All Here (1943)
Busby Berkely choreographed this wartime romance.

Anchors Aweigh (1945)
Frank Sinatra and Gene Kelly as sailors on shore leave.  Special guest appearance by cartoon mouse Jerry, of Tom and Jerry fame.

Easter Parade (1948)
Judy Garland and Fred Astaire star as dancers in a love triangle.

The Barkleys of Broadway (1949)
Fred Astaire and Ginger Rodgers as a bickering show biz couple.  It was their final film together.  Don't miss the "Shoes with Wings" number, in which shoes dance by themselves.

On the Town (1949)

Frank Sinatra and Gene Kelly as sailors on shore leave.  Some ideas are so good they bear repeating!  (see Anchors Aweigh, above)  Music by Leonard Bernstein.

Royal Wedding (1951)

Fred Astaire and Jane Powell as British dancers.  Features Astaire's famous "ceiling dance."

An American in Paris (1951)

Gene Kelly and Leslie Caron dance their way through a complicated love triangle.  Gene Kelly was also the choreographer.

Singin' in the Rain (1952)
Gene Kelly, Donald O'Connor, Debbie Reynolds an Cyd Charisse in a movie about the movies.

The Belle of New York (1952)
Fred Astaire as a turn-of the-century playboy.

Black History Month: 20th Century Composers

David Baker

David Baker (b. 1931) is an Indianapolis native who composes in a symphonic-jazz idiom.  He teaches at Indiana University.

Margaret Bonds (1913 - 1972) collaborated with poet Langston Hughes to creat art songs and settings for voice and orchestra.  She also composed for the stage.

Leo Brouwer (b. 1935) is a Cuban composer of African descent who has composed music for guitar and film music.

Ulysses Kay (1917 - 1995) composed in a Neo-Classical style and taught composition at the City University of New York.

Undine Smith Moore

Undine Smith Moore (1904 - 1989), known as the "Dean of Black Women Composers," she composed in a variety of genres but is best known for her choral works.

Zenobia Powell Perry (1908 - 2004) composed in many vocal and instrumental genres.  She taught for many years at Wilberforce University in Ohio (near Dayton), the first university owned by blacks.

Hale Smith (1925 - 2009) composed mainly instrumental music, sometimes incorporating jazz and other African-American idioms.

Howard Swanson (1907 - 1978) is best known for his songs, especially settings of poetry by his friend, Langston Hughes.

Olly Wilson

George Walker (1922 - 2012) won the 1996 Pulitzer Prize for his work, Lilacs, which sets a Walt Whitman poem for voice and orchestra.

Olly Wilson (b. 1937) is professor emeritus at the University of California, Berkeley, where he taught for over thirty years.  His works reflect the diversity of his interests, including electro-acoustic music, jazz and West African music.

For more information on African-American composers:

International Dictionary of Black Composers,

edited by Samuel A. Floyd, Jr. 

Reference ML 105 .I5 1999 v.1-2

From Spirituals to Symphonies: African-American Women Composers and their Music, by Helen Walker-Hill 

ML 390 .W16 2002

The Music of Black Americans: A History, by Eileen Southern (3rd edition) 

ML 3556 .S74 1997

Racial Uplift and American Music, 1878-1943, by Lawrence Schenbeck.

ML 3556 .S37 2012

CardCat Subject Search:

African Americans - Music - History and Criticism

Black Music Research Journal

AfriClassical blog: http://africlassical.blogspot.com/

Grammy Winners in the Music Collection

Congratulations to the hard-working musicians who won Grammy Awards last night.  The Music Collection includes the best music from every genre or style.  Check out these winners:

• Album of the Year:  Babel, by Mumford & Sons, Compact Disc 21349
• Best New Artist, and Song of the Year ("We are Young") by Fun.   Compact Disc 21078
• Best Rock Album:  El Camino, by The Black Keys, Compact Disc 21015
• Best Pop Vocal Album:  Stronger, by Kelly Clarkson, Compact Disc 20871
• Best Alternative Music Album, Making Mirrors by Gotye  On Order
• Best R&B Album:  Black Radio, by The Robert Glasper Experiment  Compact Disc 21253
• Best Country Album:  Uncaged, by the Zac Brown Band, Compact Disc 21403
• Best Jazz Vocal Album: Radio Music Society, by Esperanza Spalding Compact Disc 21255
• Best Americana Album: Slipstream by Bonnie Rait  Compact Disc 21188
• Best Soundtrack for Visual Media: The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo Compact Disc 21237
• Best Boxed or Limited Edition Package:  Woody (Guthrie) at 100:  Compact Disc 21328
• Best Classical Vocal Solo:  Poèmes, Renée Fleming  On Order

Black History Month: Classical Music and the Harlem Renaissance

The Harlem Renaissance of the 1920s and beyond was known primarily as a literary movement, but also encompassed the visual arts and music.  The goal of the movement was to venerate Afro-centric themes and artistic styles within art forms developed in Western Europe.  In the visual arts, African design was a main element, but African-American scenes were also depicted.  (Romare Bearden and Jacob Lawrence exemplify the movement in painting)  The most famous poet of the movement was Langston Hughes.

In 1918, R. Nathaniel Dett, composer and vocal music director at the historically black college, The Hampton Institute, published an article titled The Emancipation of Negro Music, in which he expressed the mixed feelings of a black classical composer attempting to incorporate African-American music within European art forms.  Although he was not part of the Harlem Renaissance per se, his work embodied its goals.



His generation was far enough removed from slavery to have been impacted more by the Reconstruction and other post-war influences.   There were two competing visions of the music of black Americans.  One, embodied by minstrelsy, consisted of white people with black make-up ("blackface")

The second, exemplified by The Fisk Jubilee Singers, an accomplished choir that sang spirituals on concert tours to the Northern United States and Europe, promoted the spiritual as a true art form, and sought to elevate the position of black artists in general.  Singer and arranger Harry T. Burleigh  (1866 - 1949) published art song versions of many spirituals, and he helped spread their popularity indirectly, by singing them for composer Antonin Dvorak.

Alain Locke (1885 - 1954) was the primary philosopher of the Harlem Renaissance (he called it "The Negro Renaissance).  A Rhodes Scholar who earned a Ph.D. in philosophy at Harvard, he encouraged writers and artists of African descent to embrace African and African-American themes in their art.  To that end he edited an athology of poetry, fiction, and essays titled The New Negro: An Interpretation, published in 1925. 

Locke contributed an essay about spirituals, and there are references to music throughout the book. Locke cites American Negro Songs and Spirituals, a collection compiled by John Work, and discusses the work of the Fisk Jubilee Singers and other choirs from black colleges to dignify the genre.  Although jazz is today the musical style associated with Harlem of the 1920s, Locke encouraged composers to use spirituals as their inspiration.  He would later write a whole book on The New Negro and His Music.

The New Negro includes a poem by Langston Hughes, titled "Minstrel Man."  It echoes Dett's feelings about minstrely with the beginning stanza: Because my mouth Is wide with laughter And my throat Is deep with song, You do not think I suffer after I have held my pain So long. p. 144

An example of blacks as portrayed in blackface minstrelsy

Florence Price (1887 - 1953) lived in Little Rock and then Chicago.  Despite never living in Harlem, her works embody the spirit of the Harlem Renaissance.  She drew on themes from African-American life, and especially religious music.  She was the first black female classical composer of the United States.  Her works were performed by many revered musicians, including The Chicago Symphony and Marian Anderson.

William Grant Still, (1898 - 1975) belonged to a later generation, and he was not part of the circle of artists and thinkers of the Harlem Renaissance despite living in New York.  After graduation from Oberlin College, he performed in the popular music styles of the day.  Later he achieved success with his classical compositions, including his best-known work, the Afro-American Symphony, which incorporates both spirituals and popular music idioms.  He composed in every classical form, and although he frequently referenced African-American or African themes, they were only some of the many inspirations that influenced his works.

Cardcat links:
Music of Harry T. Burleigh
Music of R. Nathaniel Dett
Music of Florence Price
Writings and Music of William Grant Still



Black History Month: Music in the 19th Century

Slave culture of the American South famously gave rise to diverse genres of song, from field hollars to spirituals.  In other areas, men (mostly) of color in both Europe and the Americas cultivated European music throughout the century.  A few rose to prominence as performers and composers:

"Blind Tom" Wiggins (1849 - 1908) was a child prodigy born into slavery, who learned to play the plantation owner's piano.  He concertized from the age of eight, though more a curiosity than an artist to his audiences.  The plantation owner, General Bethune was his manager for much of his life.  He may have been a savant, having the ability to reproduce a piece he had heard only once.  He toured the United States and Europe, and in his twenties began to compose (though he published under pseudonyms).  He was the first African-American musician to perform at the White House, in 1860.  You can find some of his published music, such as The Battle of Manassas, online at the Library of Congress.  To mimic the sound of cannons, Tom used the flat of his left hand, a technique that would not be used by other composers until fifty years later.
(Read more: links to CardCat)

Samuel Coleridge-Taylor (1875 - 1912) was born to an English mother and a Creole father from Sierra Leone.  His mother's family encouraged him in music, and he studied at the prestigious Royal College of Music.  His best-known work is the cantata, The Song of Hiawatha, one of several works he composed on the theme of Hiawatha.  (He also named one of his children Hiawatha!)  Though he lived in England, he was influenced by African-American leaders of his day and by the Fisk Jubilee Singers.  He made it his mission to ennoble the black man through his music.  His best known works in that vein are 24 Negro Melodies, Op. 59 (for piano) and his African Suite, Op. 35 (for orchestra).

Read more: links to CardCat; Oxford Music Online biography (log-in required).  Listen online at Naxos Music Library (log-in required)

Black History Month: Music in the 18th Century

Although a tiny minority of classical musicians even today are of African descent, there have been many outstanding musicians over the centuries. 

In the Eighteenth Century, the most well known was Joseph Bologne Chevalier de Saint-Georges (1745 - 1799).  His father was a planter on the Caribbean island, Guadeloupe, and his mother a slave.  The family moved to France in 1853 and he acquired a first-class education.  Known today as the Black Mozart (Le Mozart Noir), he was active as a violinist, conductor, and composer in Paris.  He composed symphonies, concertos, sinfonia concertantes (concertos for more than one instrument), and operas.  It was he who commissioned Haydn's Paris Symphonies.

Compact Discs
Le Mozart Noir: Compact Disc 18099

Six String Quartets, opus 1: Compact Disc 8553

Violin Concerto in A Major, op. 5, no. 2:  Compact Disc 4910

Scores
Performance parts for his violin concertos and two symphonies:  M2 .M2584 v. 3

More information:
His biography:  Joseph Boulogne, called Chevalier Saint-Georges by Emil F. Smidak:
DC 137.5 .S35 S56 1996

Article (with list of works and bibliography) in Grove Music via Oxford Music Online.

Musicians of the Civil Rights Era

The 1950s-1960s are the years known for the Civil Rights movement as exemplified in the actions of Rosa Parks, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., tragic events such as the murder of civil rights workers in Mississippi, and landmark legal cases such as Brown vs. the Board of Education.

Many musicians contributed to the effort, even before the movement gained ground:

Marian Anderson (1897-1993).  A gifted contralto singer, Marian Anderson was denied the right to perform at the Daughters of the American Revolution Hall in Washington, D.C.   First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt stepped in and arranged for her to perform on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial instead.  75,000 people heard her sing classical arias, African-American spirituals, and patriotic songs.  The event and the reason for its relocation would inspire countless others, including Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.  Later, she became Ambassador for Human Rights to the United Nations.

Paul Robeson (1898 - 1976) was an activist as well as a world-renowned singer and actor.  Russia was the only place where he felt welcomed without regard to his race, and this experience inspired him to embrace Communism and its egalitarian principles.  He fought colonialism in Africa and Australia, but did not participate in the American civil rights struggle.

Billie Holiday (1915 - 1959) was a very popular blues and jazz singer who called attention to racism as exemplified by the practice of lynching with her song, "Strange Fruit."  The lyrics were inspired by a New York teacher who was appalled by the 1930 photograph of two men who had been lynched in Marion, Indiana.

Hazel Scott (1920 - 1981) was a pianist and singer who was comfortable in both classical and jazz styles.   In 1950 she briefly hosted her own television show but McCarthyism and racism threatened her career. She moved to France to pursue her career during the 1950s and early 1960s, though she was always a vocal advocate of civil rights.

Coretta Scott King (1927 - 2006) met Martin Luther King, Jr. while they were both graduate students in Boston.  He was working toward a Ph.D. in theology; she was perfecting her singing at the New England Conservatory of Music.  Though she took on the roles of wife, mother and civil rights activist, she used her talent to further the movement by giving a series of "Freedom Concerts."

Harry Belafonte (b. 1927) achieved fame in the 1950s with his Caribbean calypso hits, such as "Day-O."  He provided financial and moral support to the civil rights movement and was close to the King family.   Later he was a co-organizer of "We Are The World," a fund-raising concert for Africa.

Motown Records, the label that promoted popular African American musical artists began releasing songs that expressed views on civil rights in the 1970s.  The most famous of these was Marvin Gaye's "What's going on?"

The Civil Rights Movement in Song

	Dr. Martin Luther King, foremost leader of the civil rights movement, learned piano as a child and was a music lover throughout his life. His favorite songs were spirituals, composed and sung by slaves to keep up their spirits. He found inspiration in the lyrics and quoted them often. The most famous quotation was from the spiritual, "Free at Last."
	Coretta Scott King, wife of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., trained as a classical singer and used her talent to help raise funds for the civil rights movement in a series of "Freedom Concerts."  She was as committed to peace and equality as her husband, and continued to be an activist after his death.  In her authobiography she talks about her husband's fondness for spirituals.
	Brothers James Weldon Johnson and John Rosamund Johnson  published the Books of American Negro Spirituals, songs collected from former slaves.  It is due to their efforts that many spirituals  continued to be sung throughout the Twentieth Century.  They also composed the words and music for "Lift Ev'ry Voice and Sing," a hymn that became known as the "Negro National Anthem."   Although the words originally commemmorated the memory of Abraham Lincoln, they took on new meaning as African-Americans marched for their freedom in the 1950s and 1960s:
	Lift every voice and sing, till earth and Heaven ring, Ring with the harmonies of liberty; Let our rejoicing rise, high as the listening skies, Let it resound loud as the rolling sea. Sing a song full of the faith that the dark past has taught us, Sing a song full of the hope that the present has brought us; Facing the rising sun of our new day begun, Let us march on till victory is won
	Themes from the civil rights movement permeated the popular song culture of the 1960s. One famous song was "A Change is Gonna Come," an anthem of hope composed and sung by Sam Cooke.  The song ends with the words, "It's been a long time coming, but I know a change is gonna come."  Several singers have covered the song in the years since the original 1964 release.

In addition to the books and scores (songbooks) above, check out CDs of Civil Rights music from the Music Collection.

Christmas Music in the Music Collection

After a long semester and seemingly endless Finals Week you may want to kick back with some holiday music.  For compact discs to check out, go to CardCat's advanced search, select "Compact Discs, audio" as the format, and then type the holiday of your choice.  The Music Collection has over 250 CDs of Christmas music and several CDs of music for Hannukah and Solstice celebrations.

For something different, try out these non-traditional Christmas selections:

Cee Lo's Magic Moment

The Complete James Brown Christmas

Christmas Comes Alive, by the Brian Setzer Orchestra

A Christmas Gift for You from Phil Spector
A Soulful Christmas, with classic R&B artists
The Temptations Christmas Card

This is Christmas, Luther Vandross

December, by the Moody Blues

A Smooth Jazz Christmas, by Dave Koz and friends
A Motown Christmas
Nuncrackers, the Nunsense Christmas Musical
Merry Texas Christmas, y'all, by Asleep at the Wheel

Christmas Island, by Jimmy Buffett

Merry Christmas, by Mariah Carey

The Muppet Christmas Carol (soundtrack)

Billboard Greatest Christmas Hits, 1955-1989
Dr. Demento Presents the Greatest Christmas Novelty CD of All-Time

If you are already out of town, you can use your Ball State username and password to listen to Naxos Music Library's Christmas music playlist, a selection of classic and classical Christmas favorites.  (Log-in with Ball State user ID and password required off-campus)

Happy Hannukah from the Music Collection!

Hannukah music is part of the celebration of the season, and Jewish musicians (and even some non-Jews) have brought imagination and whimsy to this special time of year.  Try these CDs in the Music Collection:

Yeshiva Boys Choir' Hanukkah (or Chanukah) album:

Compact Disc 20790

 The LeeVees, and their rockin' take on the holidays:

Compact Disc 21103

The Klezmer Conservatory Band (there really isn't a

conservatory for klezmer!) offers up "Oy Chanukah!"

Compact Disc 18159

A Child's Hanukkah, by the Jewish Wedding Band:

Compact Disc 19275 

For something more reverent, try "Lights: Music for Chanukah"

by the Zamir Chorale of Boston:

Compact Disc 13531

If you'd rather make your own Hanukkah music, The Music Collection has song books, such as Jewish Holidays in Song by Velvel Pasternak.  (Call Number: M 2187 .H65 1997) and Hebrew Holidays and Folk Songs, compiled by Rene and David Karp.  (Call Number: M 1850 .H43 2009)