Monday, September 30, 2013

Banned Books Week: Banned Music, Too!

Every year the American Library Association celebrates the freedom to read by taking a week to highlight books that people have challenged or banned. Banned Books Week has been an ALA tradition for many years, but did you know that music has also been banned or challenged?
In the Twentieth Century and beyond:
  • 1930s: Hitler and the Nazi party ban music by Jews
  • 1936: The BBC bans "When I'm cleaning windows," a song about a Peeping Tom window cleaner
  • 1939: Billie Holiday's song about lynching, "Strange Fruit," was banned from radio and from her own recording label.
  • 1957: "Wake up Little Susie" by The Everly Brothers was banned by many radio stations for suggesting premarital sex
  • 1964: "Louie Louie" by the Kingsmen was challenged by the governor of Indiana as "obscene"
  • 1968: The Doors' anti-war song, "Unknown Soldier," was edited for radio
  • 1970: "Puff the Magic Dragon" (1962) by Peter, Paul & Mary criticised by Vice President Spiro Agnew for promoting a drug culture
  • 1977: The Sex Pistols' "God Save the Queen" was banned in British radio for criticizing the Queen
  • "The Pill" by Loretta Lynn (birth control)
  • 1990: 2 Live Crew is arrested for obscenity charges
  • 1996: Congress holds hearings about the effect of lyrics on youth, targeting Marilyn Manson's Antichrist Superstar especially
  • 2001: After the attacks of 9/11 Clear Channel Radio made a list of songs not to play, including "Walk like an Egyptian" by The Bangles, "Bodies" by Drowning Pool, "Stairway to Heaven" by Led Zeppelin, "American Pie" by Don McLean, "Jet Airliner" by The Steve Miller Band, "Another one Bites the Dust" by Queen, "It's the End of the World as We Know it" by R.E.M., "Black Hole Sun" by Soundgarden, "Sunday Bloody Sunday" by U2, "Jump" by Van Halen, "Highway to Hell" and other songs by AC/DC, "Imagine" by John Lennon, and "New York, New York" by Frank Sinatra
  • 2003: The Dixie Chicks were banned from many radio stations after criticizing President Bush in 2003
  • 2012: Lady Gaga: Banned in Indonesia after protests by Islamic critics

Thursday, July 18, 2013

The Organ: King of Instruments


Sursa Hall Organ, Ball State
The pipe organ has been called "King of Instruments" because of its wide expressive range.  The largest pipes reverberate through the floors of great churches and halls, while the tiniest pipes can be reminiscent of the most delicate nightingale.  Subtle differences in the shape of pipes enable it to imitate many other instruments, especially wind instruments, or create a wide variety of sounds (timbres).
An organ consists of:
  • One or more keyboard for the hands (manuals)
  • A keyboard for the feet (pedals)
  • Many "ranks" of pipes, each consisting of the full scale of pitches in matching timbres.
  • Air flow to the pipes
Organs from the Middle Ages and Renaissance had one manual, one rank of pipes, and hand-operated bellows.  In the Baroque, organs had more than one manual, pedals, and behind the scenes assistants operated bellows to supply air to the pipes. Over time, organs became bigger and grander, with more keyboards, more ranks of pipes, and in the Twentieth Century, electrified air supplies.

Baroque Organ, with Manual Bellows
 
Organ stops, two pulled out
To select from amongst the many timbres available, near the keyboard the organ-maker put knobs that the organist would pull out to engage a particular rank of pipes.  These were called "stops" (because they stopped the air when pushed in), so to "pull out all the stops" means to use all the pipes of the organ simultaneously, which would be very loud.  Modern organs have levers that are pushed downward rather than stops, but the expression hasn't changed.
Organs have been installed in most churches and Cathedrals of the Christian churhes, but the world's largest operating organ is the famous Wanamaker Organ, in Macy's Department Store (formerly Wanamaker's) in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.  It has over 28,000 pipes and six manuals.


Manuals and Stops of the Wanamaker Organ

The most famous organist/composers (in historical order) are:
For more information on the organ, search CardCat:
Organ Music  (scores and CDs)
Organ Music -- History and Criticism

or follow the links to these materials in Ball State University Libraries' holdings:
 
Bach's Organ in Leipzig, St. Thomas Church



Tuesday, June 25, 2013

Rockin' with the Hammond Organ

Deep Purple "Smoke on the Water"
When most of us think of a rock band, we envision a drummer, bass guitarist, lead guitarist and a rhythm guitarist.  One of the musicians may also be the lead singer, and sometimes the band or singer uses a piano, as with Queen, Elton John, or Billy Joel.

Booker T. "Green Onions"

Most of us don’t think of the organ. The organ’s long history in church music makes it seem like the least likely instrument for a rock band, but the Hammond B3 portable organ became the signature sound for psychedelic rock of the 1960s and continued to be popular into the 1970s.  It was often in the background, and sometimes played without the pedals, but it was indelibly there in sound.


Zombies "Time of the Season"
Because of its small size and amplified sound, it was a great "gig" instrument for traveling musicians.  In addition, unlike the piano or traditional organ, the Hammond organ could swell (increase in loudness), do a vibrato sound, and eventually also incorporate automated percussion sounds, so it became a staple of recording studios too.  Musicians as diverse as Billy Preston, Bob Dylan and Steve Winwood added the Hammond's classic sound to their songs.

Today, electronic keyboards are smaller and even more versatile, but the Hammond organ lives on in memory and is still played today.   Even when a portable "modern" synthesizer keyboard is on stage, it often imitates the sound of the Hammond, especially the iconic B3 model.

The history of the Hammond organ in the 1960s is the history of rock music.  These songs would not sound the same without the Hammond organ, especially the famous B3:


• The Kingsmen: Louie Louie  (1959)

• Booker T & the MG’s: Green Onions (1962)

• The Rascals: Good Lovin (1966)

• The Doors: Light My Fire (1967)

• Procol Harum: A Whiter Shade of Pale (1967)

• Steppenwolf: Born to be Wild (1968)

• Iron Butterfly: In-a-gadda-da-vida (1968)

• The Zombies: Time of the Season (1969)

• Sugarloaf: Green-Eyed Lady (1970)

• Deep Purple: Smoke on the Water (1972)

Three Dog Night (1970s):
  • Just an Old Fashioned Love Song 
  • Family of Man
  • Joy to the World
  • Mama Told me Not to Come
  • Try a Little Tenderness
  • Liar

ML 597 .F19 2011
Dozens of other artists made careers as soloists on the organ, in jazz, popular and other idioms.  Current rockers who favor it include the Decemberists.  For more information on the Hammon organ, its history, specs, and artists, check out The Hammond Organ: An Introduction to the Instrument and the Players who Made it Famous, by Scott Faracher (ML 597 .F19 2011)

Three Dog Night

Wednesday, June 12, 2013

June 14: Flag Day

On this day in 1777, the first United States flag was decided by America's Continental Congress, the precursor of today's Congress.  In 1916 President Woodrow Wilson declared June 14 "Flag Day."


If you don't have a flag to display or flag pin to wear, you can celebrate in song.  Ball State's online audio resource, Naxos Music Library (Ball State login required) has several albums of patriotic music. 

50 Patriotic Songs, including The Star Spangled Banner (the National Anthem), You're a Grand Old Flag, Holding the Flag for America, Riders for the Flag, and a musical setting of The Pledge of Allegiance.

The United States Marine Band, a.k.a. "The President's Own," plays regularly for presidential functions.  It is one of the most prestigious musical organizations in the country, with top professional musicians selected through very competitive auditions.  Hear them on Naxos performing The Stars and Stripes Forever, by John Philip Sousa (who conducted the Marine Band for many years) and The Red, White and Blue, and True to the Flag.

If you can't remember the words to the Star-Spangled Banner, here is a scan from one of the Music Library's 19th Century song books.  At the end you'll see the original words to the melody -- which was a drinking song!




Thursday, May 30, 2013

Jewish American Composers for the Stage and Screen

American popular music owes much to the music of Broadway, and then later to the film industry, and these genres owe a huge debt to Jewish American composers, past and present.  From the 1910s to the 2010s, Jewish composers have been shaping the theatrical experience behind-the-scenes.  Even with major "talent" in the footlights, the music is the true star of the Broadway musical, and in some cases the music of film.  What would Hitchcock's "Psycho" be without the screeching of violins in the famous shower scene?

Jerome Kern (1885-1945) composed the music for Show Boat (1927), one of the first true musicals of Broadway, and one of the first musicals translated to the big screen (1936).  The show's most famous song, Old Man River, was sung by Paul Robeson


Irving Berlin (1888-1989) was a mature songwriter by the time sound was added to motion pictures, so he naturally became one of the first composers for films.  He also wrote the lyrics for many of his songs.  His film musicals include hits such as Top Hat, Easter Parade and Holiday Inn, which features one of his biggest hits, White Christmas.


Erich Wolfgang Korngold (1897-1957) began his career as a classical composer in the romantic style, then composed for many films, and ended his career as a concert composer.  Coming to the U.S. to compose music for The Adventures of Robin Hood, starring Errol Flynn, saved him from Nazi aggression in Austria.  He remained in the U.S. and became a citizen in 1943. He won an Academy Award for best film score for the film.


Harold Arlen (1905-1986), the son of a cantor, was the genius behind the music for The Wizard of Oz and seven of the songs for A Star is Born (1954), also with Judy Garland.


Bernard Herrmann (1911-1975) collaborated with Alfred Hitchcock on such classic films as
  • The Man Who Knew Too Much
  • North by Northwest
  • Psycho
  • Vertigo
  • He also composed the music for Citizen Kane, Cape Fear, and Fahrenheit 451.

    Leonard Bernstein (1918-1990) is known primarily for his years conducting the New York Philharmonic Orchestra, but he also composed the music for one of the most iconic stories of Broadway and film, West Side Story.


    Elmer Bernstein (1922-2004, no relation to Leonard Bernstein) was a prolific composer of diverse film scores, including Cecile B. DeMille's The Ten Commandments, The Magnificent Seven, To Kill a Mockingbird, True Grit, My Left Foot, and Airplane!, as well as some television music and the classic short film, Toccata for Toy Trains.




    Stephen Sondheim (1930-) is one of the most successful musical theatre composers of recent times.  He wrote the lyrics for West Side Story, and he wrote both lyrics and music for the following: 

    Alan Menken composed the music for some of Disney's most recent films as well as several others.  His hits include Sister Act and Little Shop of Horrors (also for Broadway) and for Disney: Aladdin, Pocahontas, The Hunchback of Notre Dame, and Beauty and the Beast

     Stephen Schwartz has written the music and lyrics for such diverse shows as Godspell, Wicked, Pippin and Disney's Pocahontas.
     


      

      


    John Kander and lyricist Fred Ebb, both Jewish, collaborated on some of the best kown modern musicals, including Cabaret.




    Monday, May 20, 2013

    Jewish American History Month: Jews in Jazz

    Jazz is the quintessential American musical form, developed by African Americans in New Orleans and popularized through recording and radio.  Musician of other ethnicities have also contributed to the art, including many Jews:

    Woody Allen, actor, director, and avid amateur jazz clarinetist.  He plays the New York clubs when he's not busy with his film career.

    Herb Alpert, (b. 1935) is a famous trumpet player and crossover artist best known for his hits with the Tijuana Brass (none of whom were Mexican!)

    Brecker Brothers (Randy, b. 1945 and Michael, 1949-2007)  Trumpeter Randy and sax man Michael have been two of the most influential musicians of the late twentieth century and the beginning of the twenty-first.  They have performed with each other as The Brecker Brothers and have collaborated with the leading musicians of our time.

    Harry Connick, Jr. (b. 1967), pianist and crooner, is the son of an Irish-American father and Jewish-American mother.  He won a Grammy award for his work on the soundtrack to When Harry Met Sally, establishing him as America's top jazz vocalist.

    Sammy Davis, Jr., one of the famed "Rat Pack" Las Vegas crooners, converted to Judaism after a near-fatal car wreck.

    Leonard Feather  (1914 - 1994) wrote reference books and was also a performer and songwriter.

    Béla Fleck  (b. 1958), banjo player, is the leader of Béla Fleck and the Flecktones.
    

    
    Stan Getz
    Stan Getz, (1927 - 1991), played tenor sax with a suave, cool sound.  His is best known for his Latin-themed recordings including his collaboration with João Gilberto on the song,"The Girl from Ipanema."

    Garry Giddins (b. 1948) is a writer who has covered jazz for decades in The Village Voice.  His books cover all of jazz history and include biographies of great jazz artists.


    
    Benny Goodman
    Benny Goodman (1909 - 1986) was the leader of the Benny Goodman Orchestra, one of the leading big bands of the 1930s and 1940s.  He was also an accomplished soloist on the clarinet.


    
    Norman Granz (1918-2001) was an influential producer, who helped the cause of civil rights through jazz.

    
    Nat Hentoff (b. 1925) is a prolific writer about jazz and civil rights.  Well into his 80s, he continues to contribute a column to Jazztimes.  He has written several books and penned the inserts for many recordings.

    Harry James (1916-1983) was the featured trumpet soloist with the Benny Goodman Orchestra and then started his own band with a young Frank Sinatra as his lead singer.  He is still revered today for his impeccable tone and virtuosic technique.

    Kenny G
    Kenny G (b. 1956) is the top-selling jazz instrumentalist of our time.  His soprano sax solos are the epitome of the "smooth jazz" style.  He is also known for his unique off-center embrochure.

    
    Lee Konitz  (b. 1927) has played alto sax as a soloist and with almost every famous jazz musician of the past 60 years.



    
    Mel Lewis
    
    Mel Lewis (1929 - 1990) was drummer and co-leader of the Thad Jones/Mel Lewis Orchestra, then performed weekly at the Village Vanguard after Jones' departure.
    

    Herbie Mann (1930 -2003) fused jazz with world music, especially Latin rhythms.  He was a popular crossover artist and one of the few artists of any style to perform regularly on the flute.

    Buddy Rich (1917-1987) was one of the best drummers of history, starting out in the big band era and continuing his career as a leader.  He frequently appeared on television during the 1960s and 1970s.

    
    Artie Shaw
    Artie Shaw (1910-2004, born Abraham Arthur Arshawsky) was a clarinetist and bandleader of the Big Band Era who also wrote short stories and studied mathematics.

    Mel Tormé (1925 - 1999) was a singer nicknamed "The Velvet Fog" for his smooth vocal tone.  His best-known song is "The Christmas Song" (Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire).

    Paul Whiteman (1890 - 1967) was one of the first bandleaders, leading record sales in the 1920s when bands were still called "dance bands."  His band backed Paul Robeson's famous recording of Ole Man River.


    Friday, May 10, 2013

    May is Jewish American Heritage Month

    What would American music be without the Jewish composers who helped define it?  Many of American's most famous and innovative composers are of Jewish heritage, thought not necessarily religious.  Several were also New Yorkers who both inspired and were inspired by the creativity of the country's largest and most creative city.  Others came to the United States to escape Nazi Germany and the freedom the found here.
    
    Milton Babbitt  (1916 - 2011) Composer of electronic music.  His famous essay, "Who Cares if you Listen," defined the rarified experimentalist atmosphere of midcentury composition within academia.
    
    Leonard Bernstein
    
    Leonard Bernstein's (1918 - 1990) recasting of Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet as a battle between ethnic groups in New York is the famous West Side Story.  He conducted the New York Philharmonic for many years and appeared in a series of televised Young Peoples Concerts for children.



    Aaron Copland




    Aaron Copland's (1900 - 1990) "Appalachian Spring" is perhaps the quintessential sound of Americana.  He collaborated with dance troupes and frequently conducted his own works with orchestras around the country.



    
    Jacob Druckman (1928 - 1996) worked in electronic music as early as the 1950s, long before digital audio workstations were a compositional commonplace!

    Morton Feldman (1926 - 1987) is known for his work in indeterminacy, or chance music

    Leo Ornstein (1893 - 2002) was born in Russia then migrated to the Lower East Side.  He pioneered the tone cluster, close-knit groups of notes with a harsher sound than traditional chords.
    Leo Ornstein

    Arnold Schoenberg (1874-1951) was an Austrian Jew who migrated to California when Hitler rose to power in 1933.  His twelve-tone serial technique ushered in a new era of musical aesthetics, and would have been suppressed by the Nazis.  In California he was free to develop it further and teach it to others.  His influence is still felt and heard today.

    Morton Subotnick (1933 - ) was a pioneer of multimedia and electronic music in San Francisco.

    Kurt Weill
    Kurt Weill (1900 - 1950) trained as a classical composer in Germany, and fled to the United States because of Nazi persecution.  He embraced the musical theatre style of his adopted country.

    John Zorn (1953 - ) blends popular music genres with classically-derived forms in experimental music.  He has also composed film scores.

    Monday, April 1, 2013

    April Fools Day!

    In honor of April Fool's Day, check out some of these foolish songs and singers on CD and DVD:

    Stan Freberg Presents the United States of America, a 1961 parody of American History told in Vaudevilian humor and song.  "Take an Indian to Lunch" is a classic.
    Compact Disc 3360

    The Best of Allan Sherman starts with one of the best known novelty songs: Hello Muddah, Hello Fadduh!
    Comapct Disc 18804

    Homer & Jethro: America's Song Butchers
    Folk/country hillbilly humor from 1949 to 1965.  Don't miss "The Battle of Kookamonga!"
    Compact Disc 18764

    An Evening Wasted with Tom Lehrer includes many of the math professor's greatest hits, such as "The Masochism Tango," from 1959.
    Compact Disc 18766

    Tom Lehrer's That was the Year that Was  addresses some of the pressing social issues of the 1960s.
    Compact Disc 18767

    Weird Al Yankovic Poodle Hat
    Weird Al takes on recent hits with songs like "Party at the Leper Colony"
    Compact Disc 21076


    Ray Stevens Laughter is the Best Medicine includes his big hit from the 1970s, "The Streak."
    Compact Disc 18805








    The First Anna Russell Farewell Special
    She just couldn't retire!  Soprano Anna Russell took on silly operettas and the super-serious operas of Richard Wagner.
    DVD Video 5273

    6 Hilarious DVDs of the pianist over the span of his long career
    DVD Video 5787  (Educational Resources Collections)

    P.D.Q. Bach (the pen name of Peter Schikele) takes on Mozart with The Abduction of Figaro
    DVD Video 4380

    Spike Jones is Murdering the Classics features the comedian known for silly sounds in parodies of well known classical works such as the Flight of the Bumble Bee.
    Compact Disc 1739

    Or search these subject categories: